Vitamin A: This vitamin plays an important role in regulating the innate and cellular immune response. It is also effective in maintaining the integrity of the mucous membrane tissue, the most important result of which is the effects of protecting the eyes, respiratory system and gastrointestinal tract against the attack of pathogens.
Vitamin E: Research has shown that vitamin E significantly increases immune function in humans. Animal studies, like recent clinical trials, have shown that vitamin E is associated with a reduced risk of infections, especially respiratory infections in the elderly.
Vitamin D: This vitamin has the ability to regulate both innate and acquired immune responses. Deficiency of this vitamin increases the risk of autoimmune diseases and various infections.
Vitamin C: The function of this vitamin is generally due to its antioxidant properties and enzyme co-factor. It also increases the production of immunoglobulin and cytokines by increasing the proliferation of T lymphocytes in response to infection.
Vitamin B1: or thiamine acts as a catalyst in energy-supplying reactions and as a coenzyme in trans-catolase reactions. It is also involved in the propagation of nerve impulses and in the maintenance and regeneration of the myelin sheath.
Vitamin B2: Yariboflavin is converted by the enzyme riboflavin kinase to essential cofactors for NADPH oxidase in phagocytic cells, which is effective in improving the immune response.
Vitamin B3: or nicotinamide is a precursor to NAD + and is involved in many intracellular and extracellular processes that regulate cellular metabolism, stress, and immune responses to physiological and pathological signals.
Vitamin B6: In the mitogenic response, the growth and maturation of lymphocytes is involved. It also promotes the production of antibodies, better T cell function and a reduction in the size of the thymus gland.
Folic acid: or vitamin B9 plays an important role in cell division and cell production in the blood-forming system and bone marrow. This vitamin is also effective in energy production. Folic acid deficiency causes abnormalities in red and white blood cells.
Vitamin B12: This vitamin is considered very important due to its involvement in cell division and growth in immune function. Vitamin B12 deficiency causes immaturity and proliferation of white blood cells.
Zinc: Zinc is involved in increasing the integrity of mucosal tissue, and forms of this mineral have a direct antiviral effect on rhinovirus (human cold virus). Zinc supplements can increase innate immune cell components, antibody responses, and the number of lethal T cells. Consumption of zinc and vitamin C is effective in improving the symptoms and shortening the duration of various lung infections.
Selenium: This substance has important effects on the innate and acquired immune system, including its important role in reducing regulation and antioxidant functions. Selenium is the only important nutrient for AIDS patients that can also have protective effects against heart damage caused by cytomegaloviruses.
Probiotics: A series of clinical studies conducted in recent years show the preventive and healing effects of probiotics on respiratory diseases in children and adults. These results included a reduction in the risk of infection and a reduction in the duration of the disease in adults (11-13) and a reduction in the incidence and reduction of the time of receiving antibiotics in children.